Who Invented the Periodic Table

Do you know who described the first periodic table of the elements that organized  the elements by increasing atomic weight and according to trends in their properties?   If you answered Dmitri Mendeleev, then you might be incorrect. The actual inventor of the periodic table is someone rarely mentioned in chemistry history books: Alexandre-Emile Bà ©guyer de Chancourtois. Key Takeaways: Who Invented the Periodic Table? While Dmitri Mendeleev usually gets credit for the invention of the modern periodic table in 1869, Alexandre-Emile Bà ©guyer de Chancourtois organized the elements by atomic weight five years earlier.While Mendeleev and Chancourtois arranged elements by atomic weight, the modern periodic table is ordered according to increasing atomic number (a concept unknown in the 19th century.)Lothar Meyer (1864) and John Newlands (1865) both proposed tables that organized elements according to periodic properties. History Most people think Mendeleev invented the modern periodic table. Dmitri Mendeleev presented his periodic table of the elements based on increasing atomic weight on March 6, 1869, in a presentation to the Russian Chemical Society. While Mendeleevs table was the first to gain some acceptance in the scientific community, it was not the first table of its kind. Some elements were known since ancient times, such as gold, sulfur, and carbon. Alchemists began to discover and identify new elements in the 17th century. By the beginning of the  19th century, about 47 elements had been discovered, providing enough data for chemists to begin to see patterns.  John Newlands had published his Law of Octaves in 1865. The Law of Octaves had two elements in one box and did not allow space for undiscovered elements, so it was criticized and did not gain recognition. A year earlier (1864) Lothar Meyer published a periodic table that described the placement of 28 elements. Meyers periodic table ordered the elements into groups arranged in order of their atomic weights. His periodic table arranged the elements into six  families according to their valence, which was the first attempt to classify the elements according to this property. While many people are aware of Meyers contribution to the understanding of element periodicity and the development of the periodic table, many have not heard of Alexandre-Emile Bà ©guyer de Chancourtois. De Chancourtois was the first scientist to arrange the chemical elements in order of their atomic weights. In 1862 (five years before Mendeleev),  de Chancourtois presented a paper describing his arrangement of the elements to the French Academy of Sciences. The paper was published in the Academys journal, Comptes Rendus, but without the actual table. The periodic table did appear in another publication, but it was not as widely read as the academys journal. De Chancourtois was a geologist and his paper dealt primarily with geological concepts, so his periodic table did not gain the attention of the chemists of the day. Difference From the Modern Periodic Table Both de Chancourtois and Mendeleev organized elements by increasing atomic weight. This makes sense because the structure of the atom was not understood at the time, so the concepts of protons and isotopes had yet to be described. The modern periodic table orders the elements according to increasing atomic number rather than increasing atomic weight. For the most part, this doesnt change the order of the elements, but its an important distinction between older and modern tables. The earlier tables were true periodic tables since they grouped the elements according to ​the  periodicity of their chemical and physical properties. Sources Mazurs, E. G. Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years. University of Alabama Press, 1974, Tuscaloosa, Ala.Rouvray, D.H.; King, R. B. (eds).The Mathematics of the Periodic Table. Nova Science Publishers, 2006, Hauppauge, N.Y.Thyssen, P.; Binnemans, K., Gschneidner Jr., K. A.; Bà ¼nzli, J-C.G; Vecharsky, Bà ¼nzli, eds. Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. Elsevier, 2011, Amsterdam.Van Spronsen, J. W. The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: A History of the First Hundred Years. Elsevier, 1969, Amsterdam.Venable, F. P. The Development of the Periodic Law. Chemical Publishing Company, 1896, Easton, Pa.

Ginsbergs Howl a Counterculture Manifesto Essay

Ginsbergs Howl: a Counterculture Manifesto Allen Ginsberg dives into the wreck of himself and of the world around him to salvage himself and something worth saving of the world. In this process, he composes Howl to create a new way of observation for life through the expression of counterculture. Protesting against technocracy, sex and revealing sexuality, psychedelic drugs, visionary experience, breaking the conventions of arts and literature; all basic characteristics of counterculture are combined and celebrated in Howl, as it becomes `a counterculture manifesto for the first time. Howl elaborates the results of technocracy, as it mechanizes the human soul, human creativity. Technocracy takes away the emotion, feeling, random†¦show more content†¦Howl is meant to appeal to the secret or hermetic tradition of art. This poem liberates readers from their false self-deprecating image of themselves and to persuade them that they are angels. Howl is a freedom of language, political honesty, and spontaneous mind. Howl ha s always been Allen Ginsbergs masterpiece- a horrifying, funny, surreal, and prophetic poem. Howl is a proper manifestation of counterculture. Counterculture is a movement, a protest, and a total rejection of all established assumptions. Counter culture is a culture so radically disaffiliated from the mainstream assumptions of our society that scarcely looks to many as a culture at all, but takes on the alarming appearance of a barbaric intrusion. It is the experience of radical cultural disjuncture, the clash of irreconcilable concepts of life. It started as a movement against government during 50s and 60s, mainly led by the students of Europe, as a campus rebellion, an act of war resistance, a demonstration against racial injustice. It goes against the futility of a politics, which concentrates itself single-mindedly on the overthrowing of governments, or ruling classes, or economic systems. Counterculture is a healthy instinct, which refuses both at the personal and political level to practice such a cold-blooded rape of our human sensibilities. It is the young, arriving with eyes that can see the obvious, who must remark the lethal culture of their elders, and who must remake

Argument/Persuasion Free Essays

Barbie dolls have been faithful companions of American girls for generations. Millions of young American women have grown going to sleep with their glamorous companions. Now, however, more and more feminist voices are rising to accuse Barbies of stereotyping girls’ perceptions of their bodies, making them strive for unattainable ideals. We will write a custom essay sample on Argument/Persuasion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Emily Praeger in â€Å"Our Barbies, Ourselves† vindicates the producers of toys for instilling in girls harmful stereotypes, creating unrealistic expectations of men that taint love life for years after, and showing a cold sexless world instead of real love. To many, these worries may seem overdrawn. However, a closer look of issues involved in the Barbie controversy reveals that concerns of mothers and the community have valid reasons. These elegant dolls do affect young girls, creating body stereotypes that often last a lifetime, negatively impacting the life of an adult woman. 1. The Role of Toys in Child Education In the first place, toys do play a role in a child’s upbringing, and a very serious one. Rachel Karniol and Amir Aida (1997) state that gender stereotypes heavily influence the games with toys in which children engage in their childhood. The use of toys that corresponds to their gender stereotypes is important for most children, so that girls prefer to engage with toys depicting women and boys with toys portraying men. Even the notion of ‘badness’ in children stems from the moment when they â€Å"draw an inference that violating gender stereotypes is bad† (Karniol Aida 1997:2). The research about children who condemn other children breaking toys revealed that girls â€Å"judged toy breakers who violated gender stereotypes more severely than toy breakers who did not violate gender stereotypes† (Karniol Aida 1997:10). This was an experiment with preschool kids that shows the pervasiveness of gender stereotypes. From our early years, they shape our perceptions of the outside world. We know that girls should play with Barbie dolls, and boys with men toys and cars and toy weapons. The images imprinted on the young girl’s mind. When she consistently sees a portrayal of a beautiful woman with large breasts, thin waist, and long legs at the time when her own gender stereotypes are formed, she will inevitably retain this image on the subconscious level well into her adulthood. 2. Childhood Impressions Lead to Adult Problems With time, the imprinting that occurred on the childhood level can cause serious conflicts in the time when a woman has fully grown. The problem can get especially painful if the girl’s appearance happens to be very different from the Barbie image. This can be seen in the story of Graciela H. Rogriguez, an 18-year-old Latino girl who ended in prison when she tried to improve her appearance by dropping from size seven to size three in a short while, responding to the recommendations of an agent whom she wanted to hire her as an actress or a model. There is clearly a problem with the fashion industry if it will not accept anybody out of proportion, and even more so with the actor’s profession that, as we all hope, should bring talent on the screen, not breasts or buttocks. But there is equally the problem with the girl who will accept such treatment of her body – perhaps because she had been pre-programmed in her childhood that her body is wrong because of its size. The problem is clearly not just the Barbies; instead, it lies in the whole fashion and movie industry that makes women strive for one single ideal that is out of reach of many. Of these influences, Barbies also form an important part. It is the type of stereotyping that makes girls like Graciela feel â€Å"depressed, thinking [she] would never look like model because [she] came from a line of full-figured Mexican women (Rogriguez). Having been brainwashed with the unattainable ideal in her childhood, the girl may spend the rest of her life struggling with normalising her body image. It seems simple to feel positive about one’s body, yet today’s womanhood cannot come to terms with their own bodies. The childhood stereotypes are too strong, the real-life women too far away from these ideals (excluding plastic surgery, of course), and the psychological crisis becomes inevitable. Ophira, the editor of AdiosBarbies.com in her travels around the world has found body image to be â€Å"a topic that people of all walks — male and female alike — can get passionate about† (Ophira). 3. Are Concerns over Barbies Just Empty Fantasies? While many point to Barbies as source of problems with body image, there is also opposition to this viewpoint. The opponents of Barbie’s importance suggest treating the doll’s unnatural appearance as a minor problem. For example, the Editors of Mothers Who Think ridicule the recent shift in the fashion industry that has created Barbies of healthier and more real-life proportions. Instead, they call the allegations against the favourite toys of generations â€Å"the paranoid fantasies of conspiracists who’d like us to believe that the doll is an agent of antifeminist mind control† (So What’s It All About, Barbie?). The claim that the slim toy is â€Å"being partly responsible for eating disorders in teenage girls as well as breast implants and cosmetic surgery in adult women† is proclaimed ridiculous (So What’s It All About, Barbie?).    However, the question arises then who is at all responsible. Few would say that Barbie is the only culprit. It is a combination of influences that occur throughout one’s formative years. The Barbie and other toys, however, play a major role by occurring early in a girl’s lifetime, and there is little reason why this harmful influence should be not corrected. Conclusion The fashion industry and toy manufactures have a responsibility to those they affect with their well-crafted work. Their produce does affect an average girl’s body image, and while there are problems, they are also partly responsible. Gender stereotypes are formed early in our lives and are found already in preschool kids. Toys and images found in glossy magazines are simply bound to exert influence on these stereotypes, and few can deny the link between this propaganda of sexy slim bodies and later problems with girls who feel uneasy about their bodies. The pervasiveness of problems with the body image makes it difficult to deny that in this particular case the toy is not just a toy – it is a symbol, a cultural phenomenon, and an educational tool – and because of this, it has to be produced by responsible people evaluating its repercussions. Bibliography   Karniol, Rachel, and Amir Aida. â€Å"Judging toy breakers: gender stereotypes have devious effects on children.† Sex Roles: A Journal of Research (February 1997). 18 April 2006 http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_n3-4_v36/ai_19532577. Ophira. Journal. 18 April 2006 http://www.adiosbarbie.com/journal/index.html. â€Å"So What’s It All About, Barbie?† Salon 26 November 1997. 18 April 2006 http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/1997/11/cov_26feature.html. Rogriguez, Graciela H. Breaking the Model. 18 April 2006 http://www.bodyoutlaws.com/read_rodriguez.html.    How to cite Argument/Persuasion, Papers

Kingdom By The Sea Essay Example For Students

Kingdom By The Sea Essay In this essay I will be examining the main character in Robert Westalls Kingdom By The Sea, Harry Baguely. The novel is set in the middle of the Second World War and follows Harrys journey up the north coast of Northumberland. I will be showing the development of Harrys personality from when he was a bright-faced, clean 11 year old right through to the end of the novel when he becomes a grubby faced but emotionally mature 12 year old. Throughout Harrys journey, he has experienced many negative events, the first being the bombing of his house and the apparent killing of his family, his mum, dad and little sister Dulcie. After this incident Harry was left with nothing but an attach case and memories so the way he acts after this makes me think he is emotionally scarred as shown by the few days Harry wandered around the streets aimlessly; The next time he found himself again he found he was in Rudyerd Street. This displays the impact of his familys deaths and the emotions he went through. Because Harry was left to fend for himself, his character changed enormously as he picked up the pieces of his life. This is demonstrated when he lies to the Fish and Chip shop owner and his customers; he almost ran out of answers and sweated. This adds to our knowledge that Harry is changing because before his desperation he would not have lied to any grown-up. Much later on in the novel, Harry comes across a nasty character called Corporal Merman, who at first Harry did not understand and did not know how to respond to, but after a while Harry realises Merman is some sort of paedophile or another. Harry felt uncomfortable around Merman, as demonstrated when Merman arrived at the pillbox where Harry was temporarily living; Harry covered his bare legs up as he realised it was Merman. From this evidence it is clear that Harry dislikes Merman and knows what Mermans game is. Don the dog Harrys companion was always the one who saved Harry from danger but in the situation with Merman, Don was not around to defend Harry. Harry felt defenceless without Don, for example, When he called for Don and Don did not come his stomach seemed to sink down inside him. This adds to our picture of Harrys more vulnerable side and the strong friendship of Harry and Don shown at certain points in the novel. As well as negative experiences there are also many happy, positive events throughout Harrys journey, one of them being Harry meeting Mr Murgatroyd. Harrys behaviour towards Mr. M. shows us that at first Harry was shy around Mr. M. but gradually gained confidence. Harrys shyer side is portrayed when Don visited the vets; Without Don Harry suddenly felt very embarrassed. Harrys timid personality has not been shown very much throughout the book because when Don is around Harry, he gives Harry composure. I feel one of the happiest moments in the book is when Don finds Harry on the beach when Harry is trying to pull himself together; Harry heard an explosive snort and saw a big, black, shaggy dog sitting in front of him. This is an important stage in the novel as Harry realises he would never be completely alone again.  Overall, Harry has been through a lot good times and bad and has emotionally matured a lot, so much so that when he was reunited with his family he felt they wouldnt be able to have the same relationship they had before. Harry has learnt how to survive alone on the streets and in the long term I think this was a good experience for him, because now he knows the only way to survive on the streets with no money is by doing the things he never would have done normally.